Chapter 7 : Structural Organisation In Animals
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th: Ch 7 Structural Organisation in Animals Biology
Page No: 121Exercises
1. Answer in one word or one line:
(i) Give the common name of Periplanata americana.
► American cockroach.
(ii) How many spermathecae are found in earthworm?
► Four pairs
(iii) What is the position of ovaries in cockroach?
► Between 12th and 13th abdominal segments
(iv) How many segments are present in the abdomen of cockroach?
► Ten segments
(v) Where do you find Malpighian tubules?
► Malpighian tubules are the main excretory organs of the cockroach.
Page No: 122
2. Answer the following:
(i) What is the function of nephridia?
(ii) How many types of nephridia are found in earthworm based on their location?
Answer
(ii) There are three types of nephridia found in earthworm:
• Septal nephridia: present on both the sides of intersegmental septa of segment 15 to the last that open into intestine
• Integumentary nephridia: attached to lining of the body wall of segment 3 to the last that open on the body surface
• Pharyngeal nephridia: present as three paired tufts in the 4th , 5th and 6th segments.
3. Draw a labelled diagram of the reproductive organs of an earthworm.
Answer
Answer
5. Distinguish between the following
(a) Prostomium and peristomium(b) Septal nephridium and pharyngeal nephridium
Answer
(a)
Prostomium | Peristomium |
| Prostomium is a small fleshy lobe, which overhangs the mouth of an earthworm. It helps the organism push into the soil and is sensory in function. | The first body segment in the earthworm is called the peristomium. It surrounds the mouth opening. |
(b)
Septal nephridium | Pharyngeal nephridium |
| They are present on both sides of inter-segmental septa behind the 15th segment. They open into the intestines. | They are present as three paired tufts in the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments. |
6. What are the cellular components of blood?
Answer
The cellular components of blood are red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and platelets.
7. What are the following and where do you find them in animal body
(a) Chondriocytes
(b) Axons
(c) Ciliated epithelium
Answer
(a) Chondriocytes are cells of cartilages and are present in small cavities within the matrix secreted by them.
(b) Axons are long, slender projections of neurons that help in carrying nerve impulses from the neuron body. Axons aggregate in bundles which make up the nerves.
(c) Ciliated epithelium are columnar or cuboidal cells bear cilia on their free surface. They are mainly present in the inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tubes.
8. Describe various types of epithelial tissues with the help of labelled diagrams.
Answer
Epithelial tissue lines the surface of a body and forms a protective covering. Epithelium cells are packed tightly together with little intercellular matrix. Epithelial tissue in the body is of two types.
→ Simple epithelium: It consists of a single layer of cells where cells are in direct contact with the basement membrane. It is further sub-divided into the following types:
• Simple squamous epithelium: It consists of a single layer of flat cells with irregular boundaries. It is found in the walls of the blood vessels and in the lining of alveoli.
• Simple cuboidal epithelium: It consists of a single layer of cube-like cells. It is present in regions where secretion and absorption of substances takes place such as the proximal convoluted tubule region of the nephron.
• Simple columnar epithelium: It consists of a single layer of tall, slender cells with their nuclei present at the base of the cells. They may bear micro-villi on the free surfaces. Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach and intestines, and is involved in the function of secretion andabsorption.
• Ciliated epithelium: It consists of columnar or cuboidal cells with cilia on their free surfaces. They are present in bronchioles and oviducts from where they direct mucus and eggs in specific directions.
• Glandular epithelium:It consists of columnar or cuboidal cells involved in the secretion of substances. Glands are of two types, unicellular glands (goblet cells of the alimentary canal) and multicellular glands (salivary glands). They can be classified as exocrine (ductless glands) and endocrine glands (duct glands) by the method through which they release enzymes.
(a) Simple epithelium and compound epithelium.
(b) Cardiac muscle and striated muscle
(c) Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues
(d) Adipose and blood tissue
(e) Simple gland and compound gland
Answer
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
10. Mark the odd one in each series:
(a) Areolar tissue; blood; neuron; tendon
(b) RBC; WBC; platelets; cartilage
(c) Exocrine; endocrine; salivary gland; ligament
(d) Maxilla; mandible; labrum; antennae
(e) Protonema; mesothorax; metathorax; coxa► Antennae, as it is not a masticating part of cockroach
11. Match the terms in column I with those in Column II:
Answer
12. Mention briefly about the circulatory system of earthworm
Answer
Earthworm exhibits a closed type of blood vascular system. It consists of blood vessels, capillaries and heart. Due to a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to the heart and blood vessels. Contractions keep blood circulating in one direction. Smaller blood vessels supply the gut, nerve cord and body wall. Blood glands are present on the 4th, 5th and 6th segments. They produce blood cells and haemoglobin which is dissolved in blood plasma. Blood cells are phagocytic in nature.
13. Draw a neat diagram of digestive system of frog.
Answer
(b) Malpighian tubules
(c) Body wall in earthworm
Answer
(a) Ureters in frogs: A ureter acts as a urinogenital duct, which carries sperms along with urine in male frogs.
(b) Malphigian tubules: Malphigian tubules are excretory organs in cockroaches.
(c) Body wall in earthworms: In earthworms, the body wall consists of muscle layers. It helps in movement and burrowing.
(c) Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues
(d) Adipose and blood tissue
(e) Simple gland and compound gland
Answer
(a)
Simple epithelium | Compound epithelium |
| • It is composed of only one layer of cells. • It is mainly involved in the function of absorption and secretion. • It is present in the lining of the stomach, intestine. | • It is composed of many layers of cells. • It is mainly involved in the function of protection and has a limited role in absorption and secretion. • It is present in the lining of the pharynx and buccal cavity. |
(b)
Cardiac muscles | Striated muscles |
| • They are involuntary in function. • They are multi-nucleate and branched. • They are found only in the heart. | • They are voluntary in function. • They are multi-nucleate and unbranched. • They are found only in triceps, biceps, and limbs. |
(c)
Dense regular connective tissues | Dense irregular connective tissues |
| • In dense regular connective tissues, collagen fibres are present in rows between parallel boundless fibres. • They are present in tendons and ligaments. | • In dense irregular connective tissues, fibres are arranged irregularly. • They are present in the skin. |
(d)
Adipose tissue | Blood tissue |
| • It is composed of collagen fibres, elastin fibres, fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipociytes. • It helps in the synthesis, storage, and metabolism of fats. • It is present beneath the skin. | • It is composed of RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and plasma. • It helps in the transportation of food, wastes, gases, and hormones. • It is present in the blood vessels. |
(e)
Simple glands | Compound glands |
| • They contain isolated glandular cells. • They are unicellular. • Examples include goblet cells of the alimentary canal. | • They contain a cluster of secretory cells. • They are multicellular. • Examples include salivary glands. |
10. Mark the odd one in each series:
(a) Areolar tissue; blood; neuron; tendon
► Neuron, because it is an example of neural tissue while all other are connective tissue.
(b) RBC; WBC; platelets; cartilage
► Cartilage, as all others are components of blood.
(c) Exocrine; endocrine; salivary gland; ligament
► Neuron, because it is an example of neural tissue while all other are connective tissue.
(d) Maxilla; mandible; labrum; antennae
► Neuron, because it is an example of connective tissue while all other are examples of simple glandular epithelium.
(e) Protonema; mesothorax; metathorax; coxa
11. Match the terms in column I with those in Column II:
Column I | Column II |
| (a) Compound epithelium (b) Compound eye (c) Septal nephridia (d) Open circulatory system (e) Typhlosole (f) Osteocytes (g) Genitalia | (i) Alimentry canal (ii) Cockroach (iii) Skin (iv) Mosaic vision (v) Earthworm (vi) Phallomere (vii) Bone |
Answer
Column I | Column II |
| (a) Compound epithelium (b) Compound eye (c) Septal nephridia (d) Open circulatory system (e) Typhlosole (f) Osteocytes (g) Genitalia | (iii) Skin (iv) Mosaic vision (v) Earthworm (ii) Cockroach (i) Alimentary canal (vii) Bone (vi) Phallomere |
12. Mention briefly about the circulatory system of earthworm
Answer
Earthworm exhibits a closed type of blood vascular system. It consists of blood vessels, capillaries and heart. Due to a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to the heart and blood vessels. Contractions keep blood circulating in one direction. Smaller blood vessels supply the gut, nerve cord and body wall. Blood glands are present on the 4th, 5th and 6th segments. They produce blood cells and haemoglobin which is dissolved in blood plasma. Blood cells are phagocytic in nature.
13. Draw a neat diagram of digestive system of frog.
Answer
14. Mention the function of the following
(a) Ureters in frog(b) Malpighian tubules
(c) Body wall in earthworm
Answer
(a) Ureters in frogs: A ureter acts as a urinogenital duct, which carries sperms along with urine in male frogs.
(b) Malphigian tubules: Malphigian tubules are excretory organs in cockroaches.
(c) Body wall in earthworms: In earthworms, the body wall consists of muscle layers. It helps in movement and burrowing.
1. Nasal granules in a nerve cell are now identified as
(a) Mitochondria
(b) Fat granules
(c) Cell metabolites
(d) Ribosomes
► (d) Ribosomes
2. Anaemia is caused due to deficiency of
(a) Folic acid
(b) Vitamin B12
(c) Haemoglobin
(d) All of these
► (d) All of these
3. lnner lining of Blood vessels and heart is tesseleted Epithelium. Which is
(a) Simple squamous due to wavy appearance
(b) Simple squamous due to tile like appearance
(c) Simple cuboidal due to wavy appearance
(d) Simple columnar Epithelium
► (a) Simple squamous due to wavy appearance
4. Non Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium is found in -
(a) Skin
(b) Stomach
(c) Oesophagus
(d) Intestine
► (c) Oesophagus
5. In rabbit, hairs and most of the glands are developed from
(a) Epidermis
(b) Dermis
(c) Subcutaneous layer
(d) Reticular layer
► (a) Epidermis
6. Pavement epithelium is the name of:
(a) Cuboidal epithelium
(b) Squamous epithelium
(c) Columnar epithelium
(d) Ciliated epithelium
► (b) Squamous epithelium
7. The epithelium involved in diffusion is
(a) Squamous epithelium
(b) Columnar epithelium
(c) Cuboidal epithelium
(d) Ciliated columnar epithelium
► (a) Squamous epithelium
8. The part of dermis is mainly composed of
(a) Fibrous connective tissue
(b) Elastin proteins
(c) Nerve fibres and receptor
(d) Blood capillaries
► (a) Fibrous connective tissue
9. Certain neutrophils in female mammals possess a small spherical lobe attached to their nucleus by a stalk. This lobe is called
(a) Barr body
(b) Leucona
(c) Leukopenia
(d) Golgi body
► (a) Barr body
10. Which of the following match is incorrect ?
(a) Holocirine – Sebaceous
(b) Merocrine – Pancreas
(c) Apocrine – Mammary glands
(d) Eccrine (Merocrine) – Mammary gland
► (d) Eccrine (Merocrine) – Mammary gland
11. Metagenesis refers to:
(a) Alteration of generation between asexual and sexual phases of an organisms
(b) Occurrence of a drastic change in form during post-embroyonic development
(c) Presence of a segmented body and parthenogenetic mode of reproduction
(d) Presence of different morphic forms
► (a) Alteration of generation between asexual and sexual phases of an organisms
12. If a clean dry bone is kept in dil HCl for about 3 days, it
(a) Breaks into pieces
(b) Becomes soft and elastic
(c) Dissolves
(d) Remain unchanged
► (b) Becomes soft and elastic
13. Integument is usually called by the proverb ‘Jack of all trades’ because it-
(a) Gives shape to various structures of the body
(b) Protects of the body
(c) Restricts the size of the individual
(d) Performs various functions
► (d) Performs various functions
14. The epithelium found in the lining layer of stomach and intestine is -
(a) Columnar
(b) Squamous
(c) Stratified
(d) Pseudostratified
► (a) Columnar
15. Which one of the following contains the largest quantity of extra-cellular material
(a) Striated muscle
(b) Areolar tissue
(c) Stratified epithelium
(d) Myelinated nerve fibres
► (b) Areolar tissue
16. 'Goose -flesh ' is:
(a) Arrector pilli muscles contract & they cause the erection of hairs.
(b) Some long and hard hairs situated upon the upper lip in rabbit
(c) Presence of sebum to keep skin soft
(d) Uncooked meat of pork
► (a) Arrector pilli muscles contract & they cause the erection of hairs.
17. Covering membrane around muscle fibre is known as
(a) Neurilemma
(b) Plasmalemma
(c) Sarcolemma
(d) Myolemma
► (c) Sarcolemma
18. Long refractory period is present in
(a) Smooth muscles
(b) Cardiac muscles
(c) Striated muscles
(d) None of these
► (b) Cardiac muscles
19. Which organ of the body is known as "Jack of all trades" -
(a) Kidney
(b) Brain
(c) Skin
(d) All of the above
► (c) Skin
20. The body cells in cockroach discharge their nitrogenous waste in the haemolymph mainly in the form of :
(a) Potassium urate
(b) Urea
(c) Calcium carbonate
(d) Ammonia
► (a) Potassium urate
21. In mammals maximum energy is lost by the
(a) Respiration
(b) Urine
(c) Skin
(d) Stool
► (c) Skin
22. Pseudostratified epithelium is present in -
(a) Nephron & Neurone
(b) Larynx & Bronchi
(c) Trachea & Bronchi
(d) Urinary Bladder & Intestine
► (c) Trachea & Bronchi
23. The epithelium found in the lining layer of stomach and intestine is
(a) Squamous epithelium
(b) Cuboidal epithelium
(c) Columnar epithelium
(d) Ciliated columnar epithelium
► (c) Columnar epithelium
24. The skin becomes dry during the cold weather because of-
(a) Vasodilation
(b) Vasoconstriction
(c) Less sweat in cold weather
(d) None of the above
► (b) Vasoconstriction
25. Which part of hairs have pigment granules of melanin -
(a) Hair follicle
(b) Hair papilla
(c) Medulla
(d) Cortex
► (d) Cortex
26. Lacrymal glands are responsible for secreting-
(a) Sebum
(b) Cerumin
(c) Tears
(d) Mucous
► (c) Tears
27. The first milk secreted following child birth is called-
(a) Infant milk
(b) Colostrum
(c) Casein
(d) None of these
► (b) Colostrum
28. Collagen is
(a) Carbohydrate
(b) Globular protein
(c) Fibres of structural proteins
(d) Lipid
► (c) Fibres of structural proteins
29. The innermost layer of epidermis in mammals is termed-
(a) Stratum granulosum
(b) Stratum lucidum
(c) Stratum spinosum
(d) Stratum germinativum
► (d) Stratum germinativum
30. Apocrine secretion of gland means:
(a) When the product is released but cell remains intact
(b) When entire contents of cell is discharged with the destruction of the cell
(c) When part of apical cytoplasm is lost
(d) None of these
► (c) When part of apical cytoplasm is lost
31. Ciliated Epithelium occurs in frog
(a) Oviduct & Buccal cavity
(b) Stomach & urinary Bladder
(c) Blood vessels & Lymph vessels
(d) Kidney & stomach
► (a) Oviduct & Buccal cavity
32. A process in which whole of skin (epidermis and dermis) is preserved by means of some chemicals is known as:
(a) Albinism
(b) Toxicology
(c) Taxidermy
(d) Tanning
► (c) Taxidermy
33. The most abundant type of animal tissue in the complex animals is
(a) Muscle tissue
(b) Nervous tissue
(c) Connective tissue
(d) Epithelial tissue
► (c) Connective tissue
34. In central nervous system the myelin sheath around the nerve fibre is formed by the spiral wrapping of
(a) Neurilemma
(b) Schwann cells
(c) Oligodendrocytes
(d) Neurolemmocytes
► (c) Oligodendrocytes
35. Glands of Zeis are associated with the eye lashes. These are modified-
(a) Sweat glands
(b) Mucous glands
(c) Sebaceous glands
(d) Sudoriferous glands
► (c) Sebaceous glands
36. The thinest epidermis is situated on
(a) Face
(b) Nipples
(c) Conjactiva
(d) Lips
► (c) Conjactiva
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